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Volume 6 Number 1 2012
CONTENTS AND ABSTRACTS
Mahendra L. Ahire, Vinayak H. Lokhande, Polavarappu B. Kavi Kishor, Tukaram D. Nikam (India) Brinjal (Solanum melongena Linn.) Varieties Accumulate both Na+ and K+ under Low NaCl Stress, but Excludes Na+ and Accumulate K+ under High Salt Levels (pp 1-6)
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Original Research Paper: The effect of NaCl stress (0 – 200 mM) was investigated on the accumulation of mineral nutrient and antioxidant enzyme activities in two brinjal varieties ‘MEBH 10’ (salt sensitive) and ‘MHBJ 112’ (salt tolerant) that differ in their salt sensitivity. NaCl stress resulted in an increase in sodium (2.55- and 3.10-fold), potassium (1.95- and 2.65-fold) and calcium (1.55- and 1.48-fold more) content in the seedlings of ‘MEBH 10’ and ‘MHBJ 112’ up to 100 mM NaCl level over control, respectively. The magnitude of accumulation of Na+ and K+ ions was more in salt tolerant variety ‘MHBJ 112’ as compared to salt sensitive variety ‘MEBH 10’. Both the lines maintained significantly lower Na+/K+ but not Na+/Ca2+ ratios. Under high salt stress, brinjal varieties excluded Na+ and accumulated K+. Catalase (CAT) activity increased with increasing NaCl level in both varieties. About 225% more CAT activity in ‘MEBH 10’ and 249% more in ‘MHBJ 112’ was recorded at 200 mM NaCl as compared with the respective control. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) increased up to 100 mM NaCl but decreased at higher concentrations (150 – 200 mM) of NaCl. An about 124% and 291% increase in SOD activity in ‘MEBH 10’ and ‘MHBJ 112’, respectively were recorded at 100 mM NaCl. Similarly, a 124% increase in AXP activity in ‘MEBH 10’, 118% in ‘MHBJ 112’ and 175% and 168% increase in GPX activity was recorded in ‘MEBH 10’ and ‘MHBJ 112’, respectively at 100 mM NaCl. Thus the mechanism of high salt tolerance in brinjal appears to be reduced Na+, increased K+ and by maintaining higher activity of antioxidant enzymes.
Shridhara Shetty Pindikur, Chetankumar Maliyappa Rajanna (India), Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva (Japan), Supriya Doijode, Gururaj Sunkad (India) In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of Fungal Toxicants for the Control of Cotton Rust Caused by Phakopsora gossypii (Arth.) Hirat (pp 7-13)
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Original Research Paper: The efficacy of six botanicals, seven systemic fungicides and six non-systemic fungicides was determined in vitro against Phakopsora gossypii (cotton rust) by assessing the percentage inhibition of spore germination. Maximum inhibition (92.61%) of uredospore germination was observed when nimbicidine was used, followed by neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) (91.64%). The least inhibition was noticed in Tridax procumbence (80.29%). Among the systemic fungicides evaluated, the maximum percentage inhibition of uredospore germination (93.67%) was observed by hexconazole followed by difenconazole (91.59%) and the least inhibition was noticed with myclobutanil (81.98%). Among the six non-systemic fungicides tested against Phakopsora gossypii, the maximum inhibition of uredospore germination (89.17%) was noticed in chlorothalonil followed by SAAF (86.54%), mancozeb (84.20%) and copper oxychloride (80.59%). The least effective fungicide was wettable sulphur, with a mean inhibition of 72.96%. In the integrated management of this cotton disease, the treatments hexaconazole - hexaconazole - hexaconazole followed by hexaconazole - nimbicidine - hexaconazole could effectively manage cotton rust and the highest benefit cost ratio was obtained in hexaconazole - hexaconazole - hexaconazole (2.19) followed by difenconazole – difenconazole - difenconazole (2.07).
Akbar Hossain (Russia), Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva (Japan), Marina Viacheslavovna Lozovskaya, Vyacheslav Petrovich Zvolinsky (Russia) The Effect of High Temperature Stress on the Phenology, Growth and Yield of Five Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes (pp 14-23)
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Original Research Paper: The phenology, growth and yield of five elite varieties of wheat were evaluated under two sowing conditions to identify heat-tolerant and heat-susceptible varieties for future breeding. The first condition was optimum (sown on November 15) while the other was a very late heat stress condition (sown on December 27). In the grain-filling stage, temperature was 20-22°C under optimum conditions but was 28-30°C or higher under very late heat stress. When sown late, all varieties faced severe temperature stress that significantly affected phenology, growth and finally yield. Due to heat stress, the highest yield reduction observed was 46% in ‘Sourav’ followed by 43% in ‘Sufi’ and the lowest reduction was 27% in ‘Shatabdi’ followed by 32 and 35% in ‘Bijoy’ and ‘Prodip’. When taking into consideration the reduction in phenological, growth and yield attributes, ‘Shatabdi’ performed best under heat stress, followed by ‘Bijoy’ and ‘Prodip’, while ‘Sourav’ and ‘Sufi’ was most sensitive to heat, among the 5 elite varieties.
Hameedunnisa Begum, Medagam Thirupathi Reddy, Surapaneni Malathi, Boreddy Purushotham Reddy, Sunil Arcahk, Javaregowda Nagaraju, Ebrahimali Abubaker Siddiq (India) Molecular Analysis for Genetic Distinctiveness and Relationships of Indigenous Landraces with Popular Cultivars of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) in Andhra Pradesh, India (pp 24-37)
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Original Research Paper: Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is mostly distributed in the two eco-geographical regions (Coastal and Rayalaseema) of an Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, where large morphological and genetic diversity has been detected due free pollination among plants. A juicy landrace-specific exploration survey covering the two eco-geographical regions was undertaken during 2008 to identify new juicy landraces of mango with high fruit quality. Following a selective sampling strategy, 20 indigenous landraces of mango were selected according to fruit morphology and their fruit and leaf samples were collected for morpho-physiological and molecular characterization, respectively. Morpho-physiological characterization and evaluation based on fruit characteristics revealed that six landraces viz., DM Acc-3, 4, 7, 15, 17 and 18 were elite with respect to fruit characteristics, which were further characterized for their genetic distinctiveness and relationships with the choicest juicy cultivars of mango in Andhra Pradesh (‘Peddarasam’, ‘Chinnarasam’, ‘Cherukurasam’, ‘Panchadarakalasa’ and ‘Suvarnarekha’) at the molecular level, using 109 mango-specific microsatellite markers (SSRs). Jaccard’s similarity coefficient ranged from 0.40 to 0.69 signifying wide variability in the landraces of mango to an extent of 31-60%, offering ample scope for selection. Of the 109 SSR markers validated, 57 were polymorphic, of which 10 were highly polymorphic. Diversity was high among 11 genotypes with a total number of 198 alleles displayed. Microsatellite SSR-84 was able to differentiate and/or identify all of the 11 genotypes under study. UPGMA cluster analysis revealed that the six elite landraces viz., DM Acc-3, 4, 7, 15, 17 and 18 clustered according to their geographical origin. Being horticulturally superior and genetically distinct, these six land races can be clonally selected for further testing and multiplication for commercial exploitation.
Vishnu Sukumari Nath, Muthukrishnan Senthil alias Sankar, Vinayaka Mahabaleswar Hegde, Muthulekshmi Lajapathy Jeeva, Raj Shekar Misra, Syamala Swayamvaran Veena, Mithun Raj (India) Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Phytophthora colocasiae using RAPD Markers (pp 38-43)
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Original Research Paper: Leaf blight disease caused by Phytophthora colocasiae is one of the major production constraints in taro(Colocasia esculenta). A total of 12 P. colocasiae isolates isolated from blighted taro foliage from different locations of India were subjected to RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) analysis using eight random primers to assess the genetic diversity present in them. A total of 112 distinct DNA fragments ranging in size from 200 to 1800 bp were amplified, of which 106 (94.6%) were polymorphic. The bands produced by the primers were distinct and reproducible. Considerable genetic diversity was revealed by genetic similarity coefficient (GSC) values that ranged from 0.20 to 0.87. Analysis of molecular variance confirmed that most of the genetic variability was within populations (63.1%). Cluster analysis with UPGMA using genetic distances did not reveal any spatial clustering of the isolates collected from the different geographic regions. The possible mechanisms and implications of this genetic variation are discussed.
Shivalingaiah, Sharanaiah Umesha, Mysore Krishnaiah Sateesh (India) Detection of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Rice Seeds by Molecular Techniques (pp 44-47)
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Original Research Paper: Bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is one of the most important bacterial diseases on rice and is known to cause heavy economic loss. In the present study, 30 rice seed samples from affected regions were screened for the presence of X. oryzae. pv. oryzae and 20 isolates were identified based on morphological, physiological, biochemical tests and hypersensitive reaction (HR) on tobacco. Molecular detection using a 16S rRNA primer revealed DNA amplification in all 20 isolates, confirmed the pathogen as X. oryzae pv. oryzae.These amplified isolates were further confirmed by using a specific primer synthesized for the hypothetical protein gene. A 331-bp PCR product was obtained in 16 isolates. The application of these molecular tools in the characterization of X. oryzae pv. oryzae is discussed.
Koona Subramanyam, Kondeti Subramanyam, Pinnamaneni Rajasekhar, Chirra Srinivasa Reddy (India) Assessment of Genetic Relationships among South Indian Chilli (Capsicum annum L.) Cultivars Using RAPD and ISSR Markers (pp 48-52)
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Original Research Paper: The present investigation was carried out with the objective of evaluating genetic diversity in chilli (Capsicum annum. L). A total of 24 south Indian chilli cultivars including five commercial hybrids were characterized using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analyses. Out of 50 primers employed to generate RAPD profiles, reproducible bands were obtained with 16, 15 (93.75%) of which could detect polymorphism. A total of 121 bands were scored, out of which 59 bands (48.76%) were polymorphic. RAPD primer SKURAPD18 exhibited the highest level of polymorphism (81.81%). ISSR analysis was carried out by using 13 ISSR primers, 10 of which produced reproducible amplified fragments, and 9 of which (i.e., 90%) showed polymorphic bands. From 9 ISSR primers 97 fragments were amplified, 61 (62.88%) of which were polymorphic. Primer SKUISSR8 showed maximum polymorphism (83.83%). A dendrogram was developed using Jaccard’s coefficient of similarity and UPGMA with RAPD and ISSR data. The constructed dendrograms revealed that the commercial hybrid cultivars formed separate clusters. All 15 RAPD primers and 9 ISSR primers could distinguish all chilli cultivars. Only 9 ISSR primers were needed to generate sufficient information about genetic diversity, whereas 15 RAPD primers were required.
Thirupathi Reddy Medagam, Hari Babu Kadiyala, Ganesh Mutyala, Hameedunnisa Begum (India) Diallel Analysis for Yield and its Components in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) (pp 53-61)
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Original Research Paper: Gene action and combining ability effects for yield and its components of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) were studied through 10 × 10 half-diallel analysis. Forty five single crosses were developed by crossing 10 lines of okra viz., P1(IC282248), P2(IC27826-A), P3(IC29119-B), P4(IC31398-A), P5(IC45732), P6(IC89819), P7(IC89976), P8(IC90107), P9(IC99716) and P10(IC111443) in a half-diallel manner during summer. All 45 F1s along with their 10 counterpart parental lines were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications during early kharif (June to September) of the same year at the Vegetable Research Station, Rajendranagar, Andhra Pradesh, India. Combining ability analysis following Method-II and Model-I of Griffing’s approach revealed the preponderance of non-additive gene action for plant height, internode length, days to 50% flowering, first flowering node, first fruiting node, fruit length, fruit weight, total number of fruits/plant, number of marketable fruits/plant, total yield/plant, marketable yield/plant, fruit and shoot borer infestation on fruits and shoots and Yellow vein mosaic virus infestation on fruits and plants and additive gene action for number of branches/plant and equal importance of both additive and non-additive gene action for fruit width. The parental lines P5(IC45732), P6(IC89819) and P7(IC89976) were high general combiners for total and marketable yield per plant and other yield associated traits. The crosses C23(IC29119-B × IC99716), C17(IC27826-A × IC111443), C42(IC89976 × IC111443) and C43(IC90107 × IC111443) were superior specific combiners for total and marketable yield/plant and other yield-related traits, which could be exploited for the production of F1 hybrids. The cross C42(IC89976 × IC111443), having one of the parents with significantly positive general combining ability effect for total and marketable yield/plant, could be utilized in recombination breeding.
Nasim Meghdadi, Behnam Kamkar, Meisam Ghasemi (Iran) Using Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing to Assess Suitability of Wheat Fields Affected by Climatic and Topographic Factors: A Case Study in Golestan Province, Iran (pp 62-67)
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Original Research Paper: In this study remote sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) were integrated to detect cultivated wheat fields and to identify the suitability of those fields with respect to topographic and climatic factors affecting wheat yield. For this purpose, all raster layers related to climatic and topographic factors were provided by using different spatial functions and cultivated wheat fields were detected by a supervised detection method. Five different scenarios were considered to assess the consistency of wheat fields with suitable conditions. Among the five scenarios, fields with a slope ≤ 12%, and Tmax > 24°C (irrespective of rainfall value and aspect) covered 90.5% of all detected fields. 74.2% of current wheat fields were located in the North, and the study area did not have suitable conditions with respect to average temperature, but did have a suitable slope and minimum and maximum temperatures. The temperature of the study area was in the range of cardinal temperatures for all common wheat cultivars cultivated in Golestan province. The area was not affected by salinity or pH restrictions and although 87.4% of fields had yield exceeding long-term recorded data, the absolute yield in the wheat fields was not high. Our results indicate that wheat grain yield in the study area changed from 1.6 to 4.4 ton ha-1. Long-term average yield of wheat in this area is 3.5 ton ha-1. Results revealed that integrating RS and GIS can help to identify field restrictions and to assess the problems and probable opportunities to improve obtainable yield and estimate the yield of wheat fields.
Davood Bakhshi, Ensieh Ghorbani (Iran) Evaluation of Phenolic Compounds in Different Parts of a Native Red-Fleshed Apple (Malus baccata) in Northern Iran (pp 68-71)
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Original Research Paper: In this study, the phenolic compound content including (+)–catechin, quercetin 3-galactoside, phloridzin, chlorogenic acid, cyaniding 3-galactoside (anthocyanin) from the peel, pulp and seeds of a wild red-fleshed apple genotype growing in Northern Iran were investigated, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). There were significance differences in phenolic composition among pulp, peel and seeds in fruits. Chlorogenic acid was the predominant phenolic compound in the pulp (0.62 mg/g FW). Seeds had the highest content of phloridzin (2.84 mg/g FW) and pulp showed the highest catechin content (0.53 mg/g FW). Quercetin 3-galactoside content in peel (0.46 mg/g FW) was higher than in other parts. According to the results, the seeds (0.52 mg/g FW) had the highest content of cyanidin 3-galactoside while there was no significant difference between peel and pulp (0.33 and 0.17 mg/g FW, respectively). Besides light, other factors are involved in anthocyanin synthesis. Anthocyanin accumulated in the pulp might be synthesized in the leaves and then transferred to the fruit, although this requires further study. Red-fleshed apple fruit is good material for studying factors involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and could be a good resource of valuable antioxidants for the human diet.
Mahtab Moradi Digehsara, Davood Bakhshi, Ensieh Ghorbani (Iran) Effect of Harvesting Time on Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Raspberries (pp 72-74)
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Short Communication: In this investigation, major phenolic compounds of raspberry fruits including cyanidin 3-galactoside (anthocyanin) and quercetin 3-galactoside, and the extract antioxidant activity were investigated. Results revealed that early season fruits (in July) had the highest (5.22 mg/g FW) content of quercetin 3-galactoside. Highest (23.43 mg/g FW) and lowest (1.62 mg/g FW) content of anthocyanin found in the fruits in September and October, respectively. Among different harvesting times, fruits in July showed the highest percentage of antioxidant activity (75.84%). This study pointed out that phenolic content and antioxidant potential of raspberry fruit is strongly influenced by ripening time. Based on the results, it could be concluded that early season fruits are richer in antioxidants.
B. E. Ravi Shankara, Y. L. Ramachandra, S. Sundara Rajan, Vasuki S. Kaushik, P. S. Sujan Ganapathy (India) Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Studies of Leaf Gall of Terminalia chebula Retz. Used as Karkatashringi in South Indian Markets (pp 75-77)
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Research Note: Karkatashringi is an important crude drug employed in various indigenous systems of medicine against several diseases, and the drug has diverse medicinal properties. The present study provides a detailed account of the pharmacognostic investigation carried out on leaf galls of Terminalia chebula used askarkatashringi. The study includes macro- and micromorphological characters of gall, fluorescence study of powder, physicochemical studies and preliminary phytochemical screening. In physicochemical studies the moisture, total ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble, water soluble, petroleum ether extractive and tannin content was found to be 10.06, 6.18, 1.13, 27.36, 31.01, 1.33 and 17.4 percentage respectively. The results of the study help to establish the authenticity of the drug, differentiate the drug from other species and drawing the pharmacopoeial standards for this species.
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