Volume 7 Special Issue 2 2013
Cotton research in Uzbekistan

ISBN 978-4-903313-99-3

Guest Editors

Dilfuza Egamberdieva, Ibrokhim Abdurakhmonov

CONTENTS AND ABSTRACTS

Alisher Abdullaev, Abdumavlon A. Abdullaev, Ilkhom Salakhutdinov, Sofiya Rizaeva, Zarif Kuryazov, Dilrabo Ernazarova, Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov (Uzbekistan) Cotton Germplasm Collection of Uzbekistan (pp 1-15)

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Invited Review: Cultivated cotton (Gossypium spp.) is the main source of natural fiber and oilseed as well as one of the most important crops for bio-energy production. Although cotton is native to the tropics and subtropics, it is naturally cultivated in more than 80 countries. The Uzbekistan cotton germplasm collection is one of the largest among worldwide collections, representing accessions and species not only with wide geographic and ecological niches but also with large amplitude of morphobiological and genetic diversity. More than 40 A- to G and K-genomes of wild Gossypium species as well as ~7,500 cotton accessions are preserved in the Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology at the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan (IGPEB). There are a number of lines and cultivars with useful agronomic traits (early maturing, long fiber, high yield, disease tolerant, etc.) that have been developed using Uzbek cotton germplasm resources. A history of the collection development, maintenance, management and problems of ex situ conservation as well as utilization of germplasm resources are reviewed in this paper.

Hikmat S. Nematov, Auhat M. Batalov, Azamat A. Sultanov, Ikrom H. Nematov (Uzbekistan) Development of Productive Cotton Cultivars with Increased Fiber Quality for Bukhara Region of Uzbekistan (pp 16-18)

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Invited Mini-Review: Bukhara region is one of the important agricultural regions for Uzbekistan, producing cotton as a leading crop in addition to cereals and horticultural crops. Agricultural production in this region is greatly suffered by soil salinization and water deficit that requires a specific effort in development of adapted crop cultivars for this harsh climatic environment. However, with development of scientific efforts and science-based facility in the provincial regions of Uzbekistan after independence in 1991, cotton breeders of Bukhara research centers took a concentrated effort to develop new cotton varieties, named after the ancient city 'Bukhara', which turned to be highly adapted to this region. These new varieties are 'Bukhara-6', 'Bukhara-8' and 'Bukhara-102' that significantly increased the cotton productivity of the region. The 'Bukhara-6' variety became the leading standard for other varieties of cotton cultivated in Uzbekistan because of its high textile quality among other varieties grown in Uzbekistan.

Shadman E. Namazov (Uzbekistan), Alois A. Bell, Robert D. Stipanovic (USA), Rano A. Yuldosheva, Sergey A. Usmanov, Tojiddin A. Rakhimov, Ikrom G. Amanturdiev, Abdisamad Q. Yusupov, Zamira Golubenko, Olga N. Veshkurova (Uzbekistan) Inheritance and Variability of (+)-Gossypol Percent in Seed from Cotton Hybrids and Correlation with Agronomic Traits (pp 19-23)

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ABSTRACT

Original Research Paper: Cottonseed can not be used directly as a feed for non-ruminant animals because it contains the toxin gossypol. However, gossypol occurs in two forms (+)-gossypol and (-)-gossypol. Only the latter shows a high level of toxicity. The objective of our research was to develop breeding germplasm with a high percentage of (+)-gossypol in seed that will serve as a new source of plant protein that can be safely used as a feed for non-ruminant animals.  To develop cottonseed that contains a high percent of (+)-gossypol, we determined the inheritance and variability of this trait in hybrids derived from U.S. accessions BC₃S₁-47-8-1-17 and BC₃S₁-1-6-3-15 that exhibit the high percent (+)-gossypol seed trait and Uzbek varieties S-6524, S-6530 and S-6532, and lines L-10/04, and L-16/04. In field and greenhouse studies we found an intermediate inheritance of (+)-gossypol percent in petals and seeds among F₁ hybrids and positive and negative transgresses in F₂-F₃ hybrids. The (+)-gossypol contents in flower petals were positively correlated (r=0.69-0.91) with (+)-gossypol content in seed of F₂ hybrid populations. The percent (+)-gossypol in flower petals can be used as an efficient predictor of percent (+)-gossypol in cottonseed. Low correlations were observed between percent of (+)-gossypol in seed and total gossypol in seed, and with agronomic qualities including weight of 1,000 seeds, weight of bolls, seed yield, fiber length and fiber output. The low correlation values between percent of (+)-gossypol in seed with total gossypol and the other agronomic traits indicate that the high percent (+)-gossypol seed trait is inherited independently of these other agronomic traits. This should allow the selection of progenies with a high percent of (+)-gossypol in the seeds in combination with desirable agronomic traits.

Nigora Khashimova, Ali Akhunov, Egor Pshenichnov, Sergey Vshivkov, Elmira Mustakimova, Zamira Golubenko (Uzbekistan) Some Aspects of the Interaction between Cotton Anionic Peroxidases and Verticillium dahliae Kleb. (pp 24-30)

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Original Research Paper: Verticillium dahliae Kleb. is a phytopathogenic fungi which causes wilt disease in a wide range of crops, including cotton. In this study, we have examined the role of the peroxidase (POX) enzymes in cotton response to pathogen. We examined the inducibility of POXs through the experimental explosion of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars by V. dahliae. The results of this study indicate that POX activity was associated with resistance and that its activity was correlated with levels of different resistance of cotton cultivars. POX activity of 7-day-old cotton seedlings increased in the presence of V. dahliae chitin and conidia in comparison with its activity in crude extract. This activation occurred in the chitin-sorbed fraction. Isoelectric focusing shows that cotton seedlings of var. ‘AN-Bayaut-2’ are considered to be resistant and had two anionic isoforms (pI 3.4 and 3.9) that bind to V. dahliae while ‘C-4727’ is considered to be susceptible and had only one of these types of isoforms (pI 3.1). The treatment of cotton seeds and seedlings by soluble chitosan revealed that POX activity was induced among all the tested plants. The role of POX in disease resistance was examined through an anti-fungal activity test of chitin-binding anionic isoforms. Significant anti-fungal activity of chitin-binding POX isoforms of the resistant cotton variety was observed. Microscopic examination of the hyphal growth inhibition zone revealed that the anionic chitin-bound POXs of ‘AN-Bayaut-2’ were able to arrest the growth of the pathogen. The use of POX activity as a preliminary marker for resistance of cotton cultivars to V. dahliae is suggested.

Dilfuza Egamberdieva, Dilfuza Jabborova (Uzbekistan) Biocontrol of Cotton Damping-off Caused by Rhizoctonia solani in Salinated Soil with Rhizosphere Bacteria (pp 31-38)

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Original Research Paper: Pre- or post-emergence cotton seedling damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani is a serious problem in many cotton growing countries. Fourteen selected bacterial strains were screened for their ability to control damping-off of cotton seedlings caused by the fungus R. solani in slightly saline (E_C 2.3 dS m^-1) and saline (E_C 7.1 dS m^-1) soils. Based on the results of preliminary screening, four efficient strains, Pseudomonas alcaligenes PsA15, P. chlororaphis TSAU13, P. extremorientalis TSAU20and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BcA12 were selected among 14 strains. When cotton was grown in both saline soils without addition of R. solani 45% and 56% of plants were diseased in slightly saline and saline soils, respectively. In the presence of the fungal pathogen the portion of plants, which had disease symptoms, increased from 67% in slightly saline to 73% in saline soils. All bacterial strains, with the exception of B. amyloliquefaciens BcA12, showed statistically significant (P < 0.05) disease control (up to 20%) over the R. solani-infected plants grown in slightly saline soil. The higher salinity reduced the capacity of bacteria to suppress damping-off of cotton caused by R. solani. Only strain P. extremorientalis TSAU20 performed well in both saline soils. When cotton seedlings were grown in both saline field soils without addition of the fungal pathogen, all four strains showed a significant (P < 0.05) stimulatory effect on cotton dry weight (up to 57%) in comparison to the non-inoculated plants. The mechanisms, by which bacteria may use their plant-beneficial properties are also discussed. Those results showed that P. extremorientalis TSAU20 has a great biotechnological potential to stimulate plant growth and protect cotton from damping-off disease under salinated soil condition.

Botir Haitov, Nilufar Mamadalieva, Dilfuza Egamberdieva (Uzbekistan) Plant-Derived 20-Hydroxyecdysone Alleviates Salt Stress in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Seedlings (pp 39-42)

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Original Research Paper: The action of plant-derived 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) on germination and seedling growth of three cotton varieties under various concentrations of NaCl and MgSO₄ were studied. Seed dormancy enforced by salinity (100 mM NaCl) was substantially alleviated and germination was significantly promoted by 20E from 31 to 39% in var. ‘Namangan-77’ and from 8 to 21% in ‘AH-balut-2’. In contrast, seed germination of ‘C-6524’ variety was less affected by 20E. The 20E significantly stimulated seedling root and shoot growth of ‘Namangan-77’ and ‘AH-balut-2’ varieties at 10^-4 M NaCl or MgSO₄. Our results showed that the application of 10^-4 M 20E improves cotton seed germination and protects seedlings from saline stress, although this effect is dependent upon cultivar.

Akmal Asrorov, Elvira Sultanova, Olga Veshkurova, Vyacheslav Uzbekov, Navruz Sattarov, Shamil Khodjayev, Shavkat Salikhov (Uzbekistan) Effects of Different Classes of Insecticides on Cotton Leaf Secondary Metabolites (pp 43-47)

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Original Research Paper: The influence of 5 insecticides: Karate, Sumi-alfa, Cypermethrin (pyrethroids), Avaunt (oxadizine) and Carbophos (organophosphate) on the nutritious soluble proteins, sugar quantity and the quantity of terpenoid aldehydes of cotton leaves on the plant defense mechanism against insects was studied. Field experiments were conducted on cotton plants before flowering. Treatment with pyrethroid insecticides changed plant leaf secondary metabolites significantly compared to control leaves treated with water. Colorimetrical analysis showed that Sumi-alfa, Cypermethrin and Avaunt increased the quantity of soluble proteins 5.8, 6.2 and 5.4 times (on the 10^th, 10^th, 16^th days), and the quantity of reducing sugars to 43.7%, 51.5% and 43.3% (on the 10^th, 7^th, 10^th days) over the control, respectively. An increase in the population of sucking insects such as aphids in the treated plants may be due to the more nutritious quality of the leaves compared to insect populations on the control plants. In addition, HPLC analysis of leaves showed the total concentration of defensive terpenoid aldehydes: gossypol, heliocides H1, H2, H3, H4 and their precursors hemigossypolone, and methylhemigossypolone were reduced in all insecticide-sprayed samples except for Carbophos. Avaunt and Karate decreased the total sum of these defensive compounds most of all. On the 10^th day of the treatment with Avaunt and on the 1^st day with Karate terpenoid aldehydes lowered 3.1 and 4.6 times, respectively. Sumi-alfa on the 4^th day and Cypermethrin on the 7^th day lowered terpenoids to 40% and 19%, the minimum level. In leaf samples taken on the 1^st, 4^th and 7^th days of the treatment with Carbophos, the quantity of defensive terpenoid aldehydes was 12, 33 and 19% higher than the control. This was followed by a slump in which their quantity was 38, 40 and 36% lower than the control. These results indicate that treatment with pyrethroid insecticides influences cotton plant secondary metabolites and makes the plant more attractive to pests.

Ali Akhunov, Zamira Golubenko, Elmira Mustakimova, Nigora Abdurashidova, Egor Pshenichnov, Sergey Vshivkov (Uzbekistan), Robert D. Stipanovic (USA) The Effect of Phytohormones on the Dynamics of Protein Biosynthesis and Enzyme Activity in Linted and Naked Cotton Seed (pp 48-52)

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Original Research Paper: We determined the effect of exogenous indole-3-acetic acid, α-naphthalene-3-acetic acid and gibberellic acid (GA₃) on the enzymatic activity of glucansynthase, peroxidase and cellulase in ovule development of naked L-70 and linted AN-Bayaut-2 cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds. We isolated a protein–inhibitor of 37 kDa with pI 4.2 from integument tissue of naked cotton seeds. In addition, we studied its inhibitory activity on the biosynthesis of cellulose after GA₃ treatment of ovules of linted cottonseed at 10^-6 M. The results help to illuminate our understanding of lint development in cotton.

Rustam N. Mannanov, Rano K. Sattarova (Uzbekistan) Biocontrol of Cotton Pathogens Using Soil Antagonists (pp 53-54)

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Short Communication: Three antagonistic bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens 41, Bacillus subtilis 23 and Bacillus megaterium 26, were tested in vitro for their ability to control Xanthomonas malvacearum, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum and Verticillium dahliae, which are agents of major cotton diseases. Bacillus subtilis 23 was the most active against phytopathogens in laboratory experiments and in small-plot trials. In field trials, the biological efficacy of pre-sowing cotton seed treatment with the most effective antagonist was studied on upland variety of cotton Gossypium hirsutum C-6524. Pre-sowing seed treatment with Bacillus subtilis 23 significantly inhibited the development of Xanthomonas malvacearum and Rhizoctonia solani and stimulated cotton yield. The highest control efficacy (64%) was recorded for Bacillus subtilis 23 against Rhizoctonia solani.

Munojat Oripova, Jamolitdin Ziyavitdinov, Juilia Oshepkova, Elvira Sultanova, Olga Veshkurova, Shodmon Namazov, Shavkat Salikhov (Uzbekistan) Comparative Characteristic Components of Plant Protective System by Example of Three Varieties of Cotton Plants (pp 55-57)

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Short Communication: High-resistant cotton varieties contain a large number of components of plant protective system against the pathogen and insect pests. The content of gossypol, its enantiomers and sum of cation peptides were determined in three cotton varieties with different resistance to pathogens. The most resistant cotton variety Namangan-77 contains the highest level of total gossypol, (+)-gossypol and total sum of cation peptides in cotton seeds have been detected a correlation. From sum of cation peptides were isolated low molecular proteins by a combination of different chromatographic procedures. It was established that all peptide fractions contain of low molecular protein with molecular mass 10 635 Da, relevant to class of 2S-albumin. Antifungal and antimicrobial activities were tested in sum of low molecular proteins. Cottonseed proteins exhibit high antifungal and antimicrobial activities inhibiting growth of hyphae and causing spore destruction in a number of fungal and microbial pathogens.

Shukhrat Abdualimov (Uzbekistan) The Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on the Growth and Development of Cotton in Calcareous Soil of Uzbekistan (pp 58-60)

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Short Communication: Experiments were conducted to determine the stimulatory effect of three commercial plant growth regulators (PGRs) TJ85, BIST and Vitavax 200 on the growth and yield of cotton in semi-arid soils of Uzbekistan. Vitavax 200 increased the germination rate as much as 95%. The total plant weight showed a 25% increase when treated with Vitavax 200, and 21% with BIST. PGRs, when applied to cotton seeds, caused a 13% increase in leaf weight and 34% in shoot weight. BIST and Vitavax 200 most successfully increased cotton yield, which was maximum with Vitavax 200 (21%) compared to control plants. Vitavax 200 may be a potential PGR in the management of cotton production in semi-arid soils.

Vyacheslav V. Uzbekov (Uzbekistan), Robert D. Stipanovic (USA), Olga N. Veshkurova, Shadman E. Namazov, Shavkat I. Salikhov (Uzbekistan) Prediction of Cotton Resistance to Helicoverpa armigera Based on the (+)-Gossypol Content in Mature Seed (pp 61-63)

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Short Communication: Various Uzbek commercial cotton varieties were grown in the field and these were exposed to cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. A significant negative correlation coefficient (r = -0.89) and linear regression (y = 109.88−5.27x) was observed between the concentration of (+)-gossypol in cotton seed and boll damage. Significant regressions were not observed in similar comparisons with (‑)‑gossypol or with total gossypol concentrations. This characteristic was used as a phenotypic predictor to guide breeding efforts to increase resistance to H. armigera.

Muminov Bokijon, Eshova Holisa (Uzbekistan) Nematode Population Dynamics in Arid Salinated Soil under Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Cultivation in Uzbekistan (pp 64-66)

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Research Note: The effect of seasonal change on the nematode distribution and trophic groups was investigated in a field study under cotton (Gossypium hirsutum cv. ‘Namangan’) cultivation. The total number of nematodes, trophic groups, and nematode species were different between study months in the soil, root and shoot of cotton. The change in soil temperature and moisture from April to September may be related to changes in the nematode population. Among the six trophic groups, the percentage of bacterivores in the total nematode population was 14.2%, predators 3.7%, omnivores 7.4%, fungivores 45.4%, non-parasitic plant feeders 23.6% and plant parasites 5.2% in May. During the growth season, 76 species of nematodes (from a total of 5628) were isolated from the root, shoot and soil. The highest diversity of nematodes occurred in May and the dominant genera were Heterocephalobus and Aphelenchus. Soil water availability and organic matter content positively affected the nematode population and diversity under cotton cultivation.

Ahmad Hamidov (Germany), Mukhamadkhan Khamidov (Uzbekistan), José Beltrão (Portugal) Application of Surface and Groundwater to Produce Cotton in Semi-Arid Uzbekistan (pp 67-71)

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Research Note: The transition from territorial water management to the basin principle and the establishment of on-farm water consumer associations were pursued to improve irrigation water management in Uzbekistan. Despite the fact that these new institutions were introduced about a decade ago in a top-down fashion, they could not live up to expectations and address the problem of water mismanagement and scarcity without involving some innovative technological tools. A new method called subirrigatciya, i.e. the combined use of surface and groundwater, for irrigating cotton was piloted in the Khorezm region. The research findings reveal that this environmentally safe and clean technique can be used to moisturize the plant-root zone, increase crop productivity, minimize water scarcity problems, and improve the ecosystem as well as the socio-economic conditions in the region. The results indicate that the best case scenario was obtained at pre-irrigation soil moisture of 70-80-60% in a 0-3-0 irrigation scheme with an irrigation rate of 2200 m³/ha. In these circumstances, cotton yield reached 4280 kg/ha. It is suggested that the subirrigatciya method needs considerable attention among scientists as water scarcity becomes more severe. However, additional research is needed to verify the findings.