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Volume 7 Special Issue 1 2013
Vegetable science and biotechnology in Turkey
ISBN 978-4-903313-93-1
907060-02-2
How to reference: Balkaya A, Karaağaç O (2013)General Status of Leguminous Vegetable Genetic Resources in Turkey. In: Balkaya A (Ed) Vegetable science and biotechnology in Turkey. The European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology 7 (Special Issue 1), 1-6
Guest Editor
Ahmet Balkaya
CONTENTS AND ABSTRACTS
Ahmet Balkaya, Onur Karaağaç (Turkey) General Status of Leguminous Vegetable Genetic Resources in Turkey (pp 1-6)
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ABSTRACT
Invited Mini-Review: The legume family is of great significance because so many species are used throughout the world as sources of food and medicine. Turkey is described as a microcenter for bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), faba bean(Vicia faba L.), and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) species. Wild, weedy and cultivated forms of Pisum are found in Turkey where the primary and secondary gene centres of origin overlap. The national collection of Leguminosae species at National Gene Bank of Turkey (AARI) consist of many accessions based on collection-related activities which systematically started since the early 1960s: 79.2% of these sources are beans (P. vulgaris L.), 12.4% is faba bean (V. faba L.) 5.8% is pea (Pisum sativum L.) and 2.6% is cowpea (V. unguiculata). In this review, the number of leguminous vegetable accessions of Turkish origin at different seed gene banks around the world is provided. The aim of this review is to outline some of the legume vegetable genetic resources of Turkey, their distribution, collection and characterization, and to describe cultivar breeding programmes.
Seral Yucel, Mehmet Kececi, Melike Yurtmen, Raziye C. Yildiz, Adem Ozarslandan, Canan Can (Turkey) Integrated Pest Management of Protected Vegetable Cultivation in Turkey (pp 7-13)
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ABSTRACT
Invited Mini-Review: Protected vegetable cultivation is located mainly in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions having a 93% share within the total greenhouse area in Turkey. Among the major vegetable crops of the regions, tomato, pepper, eggplant and cucumber are the most preferred since they give farmers high income. Diseases and pests are the prime items restricting production in quality and quantity under protected conditions. Integrated pest management (IPM) programmes were initiated under protected cultivation areas such as Antalya, Mersin, Izmir and Mugla provinces in the 1990s, which aimed to adopt a reduced number of pesticide applications. Further activities were performed through field days and broadcasting services as well. Farmers were encouraged to reduce outcome costs and apply environmentally friendly practices including pesticides. The use of solarization practices dates backs to the 1980s in Turkey. It was first introduced to farmers by demonstration projects during 2000-2007 under protected conditions of the Mediterranean region. The use of natural enemies against pests on various crops and pesticides with low side effects to useful insect fauna were also examined. Farmers were trained about IPM applications by conducting field days. To extend IPM practices for the control of pests and diseases under protected vegetable cultivation areas, studies are still in progress in Turkey.
Kubilay Kurtulus Bastas (Turkey) Vegetable Bacterial Diseases in Turkey (pp 14-24)
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ABSTRACT
Invited Review: Turkey ranks fourth in world vegetable production while production of many vegetables is in the top three. In the last two decades, bacterial disease agents were determined by different identification (biochemical, physiological, morphological, serological and molecular) in some vegetables and seeds. In the major vegetable production regions, bacterial pathogens have been isolated from tomato, bean, mushroom, cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, lettuce, potato, pepper, pea, carrot and cucurbits. It was possible to protect from and prevent diseases through phytosanitary measures, good agricultural practices and good manufacturing practices during cultivation, harvest, storage, transport, and marketing. In some studies, for disease management, reactions of plant varieties were studied against bacterial pathogens, and promising varieties were obtained. Classic, physical and chemical applications, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) inducers, plant extracts and essential oils also have been successful at different levels for bacterial diseases. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were isolated from the rhizosphere and phyllosphere of these related plants, and those bacteria showed successful results in both preventing disease and plant growth. Biological control agents like Pseudomonads and Bacillus spp. were used for controlling vegetable bacterial diseases. These databases of vegetable bacterial disease in Turkey are important, and epidemics and major economic losses can be successfully prevented by applying different control methods.
Hale Gunactı, Ali Erkılıc, Hulya Ozgonen (Turkey) Status of Potato Wart Disease (Synchytrium endobioticum) in Turkey and Control Methods (pp 25-28)
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ABSTRACT
Invited Mini-Review: Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is one of the most important global food sources and Turkey is one of the major seed and table potato-producing countries. There are many important pests and diseases preventing the production of potatoes. Potato wart disease caused by Synchytrium endobioticum was recently considered to be the most destructive fungal disease of potato. Typical symptoms of the disease occurring on tubers are cauliflower-like warts or tumours of different size. The disease can cause symptoms on the underground parts of potato plants including the crown, stolons and tubers, but not roots. Solanum tuberosum and other species of Solanum are the primary hosts of the disease. The disease prefers cool climates and is known to exist in 43 countries. Losses due to the disease range between 50 and 100% worldwide. Contaminated potato-growing areas ban seed potatoes because of the disease and there is zero tolerance in production. Recently, the disease has been well managed by strict quarantine measures and resistant varieties. However, it has still causing serious losses due to the existence of different races in different locations. In addition, some cultural methods are important to prevent the dispersal of this disease and, to date, there is no effective chemical application program against it. Despite control methods, the disease still remains economically significant. In this review, some informations about potato wart disease, including general characteristics of the disease, signs and symptoms, status in Turkey, epidemiology and disease management, are presented.
Zübeyir Devran (Turkey) Molecular Studies on Root-Knot Nematodes in Protected Cultivations of Turkey (pp 29-32)
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ABSTRACT
Invited Mini-Review: Turkey is one of the most important agricultural producers in the world. Protected vegetables are widely cultivated in the different regions of Turkey due to its climatic condition. Root-knot nematodes (RKN) cause considerable yield losses in the protected vegetable growing locations of Turkey. They infect plant roots, causing the recession on plant growth by development of root-knot galls draining the plant's photosynthate and nutrients. While infected young plants may be lethal, grown plants mainly cause greater yield losses. Correspondingly, the infection by nematodes leads secondary infection resulting soil borne pathogens. Therefore, they cause considerable yield losses depending conditions occurring in fields of intensively protected cultivations. The purpose of this review is to address identification and investigation of genetic variation of the root-knot nematodes using molecular methods, and explanation of breeding programs currently carrying out for them on tomato in Turkey.
Fatih Seyis (Turkey) Towards a Canola Quality Resynthesized Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.): B. oleracea Genotypes as a Basic Resource (pp 33-37)
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ABSTRACT
Invited Mini-Review: Brassica oleracea is a well known species of the Brassica genus. With the other Brassica species, namely B. rapa, B. nigra, B. juncea, B. carinata and B. napus, it forms the so called U triangle. Genotypes derived from several locally distributed members of the genus Brassica have become one of the most important vegetable oil resources worldwide because of substantial progress in breeding and cultivation practices. Efforts to develop low erucic character in several Brassica species led to the discovery of low-erucic acid mutants in the species Brassica rapa (AA), B. napus (AACC) and Brassica juncea (AABB). In amphidiploid B. carinata (BBCC) low erucic acid mutants were not known up to the 1990’s. Using different strategies low erucic acid forms were successfully selected in the subsequent years. Up to now low erucic acid forms of B. nigra (BB) have not been cited in the literature. B. oleracea genotypes displaying low erucic acid were discovered at the end of the 1990’s. These genotypes were used to develop 0-quality resynthesized rapeseed forms via interspecific crosses with different quality B. rapa forms. The diploid cabbages, one of the progenitors of rapeseed (B. napus), are highly useful as basic breeding material of Brassica napus. With this respect, the low erucic acid cabbage genotypes with their potential use in Brassica breeding and further use will be discussed in this review.
Haluk Çağlar Kaymak, Mesude Figen Dönmez, Ramazan Çakmakçı (Turkey) N2-fixing Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria: Potential to Increase Yield, Growth and Element Contents of Mentha piperita L. Leaves (pp 38-42)
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ABSTRACT
Original Research Paper: During 2009 and 2010, plant growth promoting effects of N2-fixing rhizobacteria Pseudomonas putida biotype B C3/101 and Paenibacillus polymyxa RC105, and urea (150 kg ha-1) were tested on yield, growth and element composition of leaves of mint (Mentha piperita L.) grown in the Erzurum province of Turkey. Fresh and dry yield, shoot length and diameter, dry matter content and element composition of leaves were determined in both the 1st and 2nd harvest in both experiment years. P. putida biotype B C3/101, P. polymyxa RC105 and urea treatments stimulated plant growth and resulted in significantly higher total fresh and dry yields than the control. Inoculation of the mint rhizosphere with P. polymyxa RC105 showed better performance than P. putida biotype B C3/101 on total fresh and dry yields and shoot length; moreover, yield obtained from bacteria inoculation was lower than urea treatment but more than control. Thus, the highest total fresh (3181.0 kg decare-1) and dry (622.7 kg decare-1) herbage yield, shoot length (58.9 cm) and diameter (3.2 mm) were obtained in urea application. However, the highest total fresh (1926.7 kg decare-1; in 2010) and dry (402 kg decare-1; in 2009) yield for bacteria strains were observed from P. polymyxa RC105 treatment. Additionally, dry and fresh yield increase in bacteria inoculations compared to control treatment ranged from 15% to 57% in both experiment years. Bacterial applications also increased in element contents of mint leaves as compared to control treatment. Inoculation with P. putida biotype B C3/101 and P. polymyxa RC105 particularly affect on increasing in B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Pb, S, Zn and N contents of leaves. Although the highest values for evaluated parameters were obtained from urea application, the results of this study suggest that P. putida biotype B C3/101 and P. polymyxa RC105 have the potential to increase the yield, growth and element composition of leaves of mint for environmental friendly mint production.
Hulya Ozgonen, Ali Erkilic (Turkey) Reactions of 11 Potato Cultivars against Some Important Soil-Borne Pathogens (pp 43-46)
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ABSTRACT
Original Research Paper: In this study, surveys and the reaction to diseases of some potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars (‘Satina’, ‘Vangogh’, ‘Marabel’, ‘Latona’, ‘Marfona’, ‘Vericus’, ‘Jearla’, ‘Cosmos’, ‘Granola’, ‘Hermes’, ‘Agria’) against important soil-borne pathogens were conducted. In surveys, the most isolated genus was Rhizoctonia sp., Fusarium sp., Phytophthora sp. and Pythium sp. The isolation ratio of each genus varied between locations. Eleven commercial potato cultivars were evaluated for their reactions to Rhizoctonia solani (stem cancer and black scurf), Fusarium solani (Fusarium wilt), Phytophthora erythroseptica (pink rot) and Pythium deliense (root rot). Cultivars exhibited different levels of susceptibility to the pathogens. The most susceptible cultivars were ‘Satina’ and ‘Jearla’. ‘Satina’, the most sensitive cultivar, had high disease severity ratios to R. solani, F. solani, P. erythroseptica and P. deliense (40, 100, 80 and 65%, respectively). ‘Hermes’ and ‘Agria’ were resistant to all diseases.
Taner Yıldız, Y. Benal Yurtlu, Elçin Yeşiloğlu (Turkey) Determination of Some Physical Properties of Some Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) and Winter Squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) Genotype Seeds (pp 47-51)
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ABSTRACT
Original Research Paper: In this study, some physical properties of pumpkin line (‘14 BO 01’) (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) and winter squash variety seeds (‘55 ÇA 15’ and ‘Arican 97’) (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) were evaluated at five different moisture content levels. Length, width and thickness increased linearly, as the moisture content increased from 8.62 to 25.49% dry weight basis (dwb) for ‘Arican 97’, from 9.60 to 25.60% for ‘55 ÇA 15’ and from 6.81 to 23.07% for ‘14 BO 01’. All the diameters of seeds were significantly related with the seed moisture contents (P < 0.05). The sphericity varied from 0.548 to 0.565 for ‘Arican 97’, from 0.548 to 0.565 for ‘55 ÇA 15’ and from 0.482 to 0.504 for ‘14 BO 01’ as the moisture content increased. With the increase in moisture content, the surface area varied from 290.08 to 330.86 mm2 for ‘Arican 97’, from 349.22 to 382.12 mm2 for ‘55 ÇA 15’ and from 333.29 to 398.35 mm2 for ‘14 BO 01’. The bulk and true densities decreased from 411.86 to 366.03 kgm-3, from 390.35 to 347.37 kgm-3 and from 375.54 to 316.55 kgm-3 for ‘Arican 97’, ‘55 ÇA 15’ and ‘14 BO 01’, whereas the seed moisture content increased, respectively. The angle of repose increased from 17.11° to 22.87° for ‘Arican 97’ as the moisture content increased. These values increased from 15.25° to 23.87° for ‘55 ÇA 15’ and from 16.42° to 24.17° for ‘14 BO 01’ with the increase in moisture content. Porosity values ranged between 41.30–43.20%, 45.08–47.36% and 45.47–50.49% with the increasing moisture contents for ‘Arican 97’, ‘55 ÇA 15’ and ‘14 BO 01’, respectively.
Mehtap Ozbakir, Onur Karaagac, Ahmet Balkaya (Turkey) Moisture Dependence of Some Physical and Morphological Properties of Chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla) Seeds (pp 52-57)
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ABSTRACT
Original Research Paper: Various physical properties of chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla) seed were determined as a function of moisture content. The lengths of the major, medium and minor axes varied from 5.50 to 4.71, 4.88 to 4.03 and 4.28 to 3.53 mm, respectively, as the moisture content increased from 14.1 to 22.2% (dry basis). In the same moisture range, the arithmetic and geometric mean diameters increased from 4.09 to 4.89 and 4.06 to 4.86 mm, respectively. Studies on rewetted chard showed that the sphericity decreased from 1.152 to 1.135, whereas and projected area increased from 63.23 to 88.17 mm2, respectively, with increase in moisture content from 14.1 to 22.2% (dry basis). The bulk density and true density decreased from 277.78 to 242.72 kg/m3 and 740.74 to 689.66 kg/m3, whereas angle of repose increased from 23.96 to 26.57°, respectively. The static coefficients for friction of chard seeds were determined steel, plywood, wood, glass and galvanized sheet at various moisture contents. The static coefficient of friction increased on five structural surfaces namely, steel (0.300-0.422), galvanized sheet (0.393-0.530), plywood (0.499-0.712), wood (0.576-0.859) and glass (0.200-0.285) in the moisture range from 14.1 to 22.2% (dry basis).
Ismail Erper, Gürsel Hatat Karaca, Ibrahim Ozkoc, Muharrem Turkkan (Turkey) Binucleate Rhizoctonia repens Bernard as a Biocontrol Agent against Damping-off Disease of Cucumber Plants (pp 58-61)
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Short Communication: Efficiency of Rhizoctonia repens Bernard, previously isolated from Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames , for biological control of 3 virulent fungal isolates belonging to Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 was investigated under in vivo conditions. The study, including eight treatments; R. repens, F. oxysporum, R. repens+F. oxysporum, P. ultimum, R. repens+P. ultimum, R. solani AG 4, R. repens+R. solani AG 4 and control, was performed in 5 replicates. R. solani AG 4 was the most virulent pathogen as compared to the other pathogens. R. repens didn’t cause any symptoms on cucumber plants in the experiments, and reduced the severity of root rot disease caused by R. solani, P. ultimum and F. oxysporum. There were significant differences between the root length and fresh weight of the plants in pots inoculated with the pathogens alone and that of the plants in pots inoculated with the pathogensplus R. repens (P <0.05).
Cüneyt Civelek, Ahmet Balkaya (Turkey) The Nutrient Content of Some Wild Plant Species Used as Vegetables in Bafra Plain Located in the Black Sea Region of Turkey (pp 62-65)
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ABSTRACT
Research Note: Some wild plant species have been used as vegetables in several parts of the world. These species are also used with respect of their aromatic and medicinal properties. Furthermore, these plants are evaluated as alternative food sources in periods where crop vegetables were not available. In this study, nineteen wild plant species, which are used as vegetable by local people in Bafra Plain, were collected and identified systematically. Dry matter, ash, protein, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, manganese and zinc contents were analyzed in order to determine the nutritional values of consumed parts of these wild species. Significant differences were found between species regarding their nutritional values. In fresh plant samples; the highest dry matter content was determined in Trachystemon orientale (14.73 g/100 g) and the highest ash content in Chenopodium album L. (24.73 g/100 g-dry sample). Within the species the highest protein content was observed from Taraxacum officinale Weber (32.03 g/100 g-dry sample) and Coronopus squamatus Forssk. Aschers. (31.73 g/100 g). Species displaying the highest phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, manganese and zinc contents were respectively Chenopodium album L. (0.49 g/100 g), Trachystemon orientale L. (2.90 g/100 g), Chenopodium album L. and Rumex acetocella L. (0.47 g/100 g), Malva silvestris L. (1.54 g/100 g), Coronopus squamatus Forssk. Asch. (583.40 mg/kg), Ocimum basilicum L. (39.86 mg/kg) and Asparagus acutifolius L. (44.13 mg/kg). The results of this study showed that most of these examined nutritional values of these species are higher than cultivated vegetables such as spinach, lettuce and parsley.
Dilek Kandemir, Harun Özer, Fikret Özkaraman, Sezgin Uzun (Turkey) The Effect of Different Seed Sowing Media on the Quality of Cucumber Seedlings (pp 66-69)
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Research Note: This study was carried out in a plastic greenhouse during the period from 10 July to 15 August. Four different seedling media were formed of commercial peat, farmyard manure, garden soil and perlite. Seedlings of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were produced as untransplanted. Quantitative analysis of seedlings was done after pulling out the seedlings out of the trays at the stage of four true leaves. Some properties such as seedling length, leaf dry weight, seedling dry weight, leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA) were determined. The effect of different seed sowing media on seedling quality in terms of examined properties was found to be significant.
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