Volume 4 Special Issue 1 2010
Sub-Saharan African Fruits

How to reference: Atato A, Wala K, Batawila K, Woegan AY, Akpagana K(2010) Diversity of Edible Wild Fruit Trees Species of Togo. In: Lamien N (Ed) Sub-Saharan African Fruits. Fruit, Vegetable and Cereal Science and Biotechnology 4 (Special Issue 1), 1-9 (in French)

Sponsor

IDRC / CRDI

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Guest Editor

Niéyidouba Lamien

Centre Régional de Recherches Environnementales et Agricoles (CRREA), Burkina Faso

www.cnrst.bf

www.inera.bf

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CONTENTS AND ABSTRACTS

Abalo Atato, Kpérkouma Wala, Komlan Batawila, Agbelessessi Y. Woegan, Koffi Akpagana (Togo) Diversité des Fruitiers Ligneux Spontanés du Togo / Diversity of Edible Wild Fruit Trees Species of Togo (in French) (pp 1-9)

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ABSTRACT

Original Research Paper: This work is a first outline of the diversity of edible wild fruit trees species of Togo. Twenty-nine ethnic groups in four ecological zones of Togo were surveyed. Data-gathering was based on ethnobotanic investigations and supplemented by field observations. Eighty three wild edible fruit trees species divided into 65 genera and 29 families were inventoried. Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Moraceae, Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae are the families most represented. However, the family Annonaceae is the best represented in all four ecological zones. The identified species are of either wide national distribution or limited geographic distribution. The number of edible wild fruit trees species varies from an ethnic group to another and from an ecological zone to another. Edible wild fruit tree species common to ethnic communities living in the same ecological zone highlights the important contribution of the typical vegetation of each zone to the diversity of fruit tree species on one hand and the cultural similarity on the other. Most fruits inventoried are used for food and few for other purposes (medicinal, etc.). Some edible wild fruit have a very high socio-economic value for the populations, because of the incomes they provide. This research sets up an observatory for the edible wild fruit-bearing trees species of Togo to enhance their value.

RESUME

Ce travail présente un premier aperçu de la diversité des espèces fruitières spontanées au Togo. Vingt-neuf ethnies ont été prospectées à travers quatre zones écologiques du Togo. La collecte des données s’est basée sur les enquêtes ethnobotaniques complétées par des observations de terrain. Quatre vingt trois espèces ligneuses fruitières réparties en 65 genres et 29 familles ont été inventoriées. Les Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Moraceae, Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae sont les familles les plus représentées. Cependant la famille des Annonaceae est la seule à être mieux représentée dans toutes les zones. Les espèces recensées sont soit à large distribution nationale ou à distribution géographique limitée. Le nombre de fruitiers ligneux signalés varie d’une ethnie à une autre. L’existence des espèces fruitières communes pour les communautés ethniques vivant dans une même zone écologique met en évidence l’importante contribution de la végétation caractéristique de chaque zone à la diversité des ligneux fruitiers d’une part et la similarité culturelle d’autre part. Cependant il existe des particularités ethniques dans chaque zone indicatrice de l’influence des facteurs socio - culturels dans la sélection des espèces fruitières. La plupart de fruits inventoriés sont utilisés à des fins alimentaires et très peu à d’autres fins (médicinale ou stimulante). Certains fruitiers ligneux ont un potentiel socio-economique très important à cause des revenus substantiels que leur commerce apporte aux ménages ruraux. Cette étude permet de créer un observatoire des espèces fruitières du Togo pour leur meilleure valorisation.

Mamounata Belem/Ouédraogo, Joséphine Yaméogo, Sita Guinko (Burkina Faso) Les Ligneux Alimentaires des Galeries Forestières de la Réserve de Biosphère de la Mare aux Hippopotames, Burkina Faso / Ligneous Edible Plants of Gallerie Forests of the Biosphere Reserve “de la Mare aux Hippopotames”, Burkina Faso (in French) (pp 10-17)

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ABSTRACT

Original Research Paper: The Galleries Forest of «Réserve de Biosphère de la Mare aux Hippopotames» or RMBH provide riverine populations with non-timber forests products for their needs, namely food, health, fuel wood and financial resources. Surveys were conducted in four villages close to the biosphere reserve: Bala, Bossora, Tiérako and Sokourani. Useful plants were listed with the parts used. Then, different categories of use of these plants were shown. The edible plants were selected for an additional survey to make complementary enquiries, based on which 10 were prioritized. Five of these (Parkia biglobosa, Vitellaria paradoxa, Bombax costatum, Tamarindus indica and Adansonia digitata) were used for enquiries about their products and product use, made in the market of each village. All products were weighed. These products were: seeds and soumbala of P. biglobosa,fruits and nuts of V. paradoxa, sepals of B. costatum, leaves and fruits of T. indica, and leaves and pods of A. digitata. The quantity of products of all 5 plants was compared in all the villages where inquiries had been conducted. The results show that 96 multipurpose plants had been inventoried in the Galleries forests, 76 of which were ligneous. Results indicated the usefulness of products and the nutritive importance of Burkina Faso plants.

RESUME

Les galeries forestières de la réserve de biosphère de la mare aux hippopotames (RBMH) fournissent aux populations riveraines une grande partie des produits non ligneux nécessaires à la satisfaction de leurs besoins alimentaire, sanitaire, énergétique et procurent des revenus aux ménages. A travers des enquêtes conduites dans les 4 villages les plus proches et les plus accessibles, Bala, Bossora, Sokourani et Tiérako, nous avons pu dresser la liste des plantes utilitaires avec les produits utilisés. Nous avons ensuite évalué la part de chaque catégorie d’utilisation de même que des parties de plante utilisées. Les plantes alimentaires ont fait l’objet d’enquêtes poussées; la priorisation des plantes par les populations a permis de dresser une liste de 10 plantes. Parmi ces dernières, nous avons retenu les 5 premières qui sont des plantes alimentaires, pour mener des enquêtes sur leurs produits. Il s’agit de Parkia biglobosa, Vitellaria paradoxa, Bombax costatum, Tamarindus indica et Adansonia digitata. Les enquêtes ont été conduites dans les marchés des 4 villages où nous avons pesé tous les produits vendus. Il s’agit des graines et soumbala de néré ou P. biglobosa, des amendes et fruits de karité ou V. paradoxa,des sépales de kapokier ou B. costatum, des feuilles et fruits deTamarinier ou T. indica, des feuilles et des gousses de baobab ou A. digitata. La quantité de ces différents produits a été comparée dans les 4 villages enquêtés. Les résultats renseignent que sur 90 plantes à usages multiples recensées dans les galeries forestières, 76 sont des ligneux; d’autre part, ils nous renseignent sur: a) les produits forestiers non ligneux des galeries et précisément les produits alimentaires des ligneux des galeries; b) le mode d’utilisation des produits et l’apport nutritif des espèces recensées.

Armand Natta, Roméo Sogbégnon, Fidèle Tchobo (Bénin) Connaissances Endogènes et Importance du Pentadesma butyracea (Clusiaceae) pour les Populations Autochtones au Nord Ouest Bénin / Indigenous Knowledge and Importance of Pentadesma butyracea (Clusiaceae) for Rural Populations in North West Benin (in French) (pp 18-25)

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ABSTRACT

Original Research Paper: The present study deals with the ethonobotanic knowledge of Pentadesma butyracea, a rare multipurpose tree species in Benin in general and the Atacora province in particular. Field surveys and interviews of users helped to assess the presence, abundance and utilization of all non-timber products provided by P. butyracea. The species was found in 33 villages belonging to 5 districts (Boukoumbé, Kouandé, Natitingou, Tanguiéta and Toucountouna) over 9 of the Atacora province. Information gathered from a sample of 110 women, of 5 ethnical groups, who collect, process and sell parts and products derived from P. butyracea showed 27 uses. Regarding the importance of different parts of this plant, we found that the seeds, branches, trunk and bark are the most wanted parts with 43.51, 27.1, 18.70, and 6.11% of the opinions on uses, respectively. Leaves, sap and roots are marginal with 4.58% of the answers. Half of the uses belong to the butter derived from the seeds while 5 uses are related to the trunk. Butter extraction is the only activity common to the 5 ethnical groups, i.e. the Waama, Otamari, Natimba, Bariba and Yom, of the study area. The butter is mostly used as cooking oil. There are statistical differences between the 5 ethnical groups regarding the 27 uses of P. butyracea organs and products.

RESUME

La présente étude porte sur les connaissances ethnobotaniques du Pentadesma butyracea, un Ligneux à Usage Multiple (LUM), rare au Bénin en général et dans le département de l’Atacora (Nord Ouest Bénin) en particulier, à travers ses différents Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux (PFNL). Les enquêtes et prospections du terrain ont révélé la présence de l’espèce dans 33 villages appartenant à 5 des 9 communes du département. Il s’agit de Boukoumbé, Kouandé, Natitingou, Tanguiéta et Toucountouna. L’étude de l’importance du P butyracea auprès d’un échantillon de 110 femmes issues de 5 groupes socioculturels, actrices principales de la collecte, la transformation et la vente des organes et produits issus du Pentadesma, a permis de recenser 27 utilisations pour les différents organes et produits. La répartition des pourcentages de réponse des enquêtées montre que les amandes sont les plus recherchées (43.51%), suivies des branches (27.10%), du tronc (18.70%), de l’écorce (6.11%); les feuilles, la sève et les racines sont marginales avec (4,58%) des réponses. Des 27 utilisations, près de la moitié (13) sont liées au beurre et 5 au tronc. L’extraction du beurre à partir des graines est la seule utilisation commune aux 5 groupes socioculturels (i.e. Waama, Otamari, Natimba, Bariba et Yom) du milieu d’étude. Le beurre, produit le plus recherché par les femmes, est utilisé surtout dans l’alimentation sous diverses formes. Notons qu’il existe une différence hautement significative entre les groupes socioculturels en ce qui concerne les différentes utilisations de P. butyracea.

Félix Kini, Sylvain Ouédraogo, Innocent Pierre Guissou (Burkina Faso) Propriétés Nutritionnelles et Thérapeutiques du Fruit de Detarium microcarpum Guill. et Perr / Nutritional and Therapeutic properties of the Fruit of Detarium microcarpum Guill. and Perr (in French) (pp 26-30)

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ABSTRACT

Original Research Paper: This study is related to the pharmaco-chemical and nutritional properties of the fruit of Detarium microcarpum. The assessment of phenolic compounds using tannic acidic as a standard shows that the aqueous extracts (macerated, decocted) and the hydroalcoholic extract contain some phenolic compounds, including tannins. The investigation of nutrients revealed the presence of proteins, fat content, glucides, minerals (Ca, P, Fe, K, Na, Mg) and trace elements (Zn, Cu) and fat-soluble vitamins. It is well know that micronutrients are very important for human health. The aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of the pulp of D. microcarpum fruits demonstrated antimicrobial activity which could be assigned to the polyphenolic compounds present in the extracts. These results taken together might explain the traditional use of this plant’s fruits against malnutrition and some infectious diseases.

RESUME

Cette étude a porteé sur les propriétés pharmaco-chimiques et nutritionnelles du fruit de Detarium microcarpum. Le dosage spectrophotométrique des composés polyphénoliques en équivalent acide tannique, montre que les extraits aqueux (macéré, décocté) et l’extrait hydroalcoolique contiennent des composés polyphénoliques dont les tanins. L’indentification des nutriments révèle la présence de protéines, de matières grasses, de glucides, de minéraux tels que le calcium, le phosphore, le fer, le potassium, le sodium, le magnésium et des oligoéléments comme le zinc, le soufre, le cuivre et des vitamines liposolubles. Il est maintenant bien connu que ces nutriments jouent un rôle essentiel dans l'organisme. La recherche des vitamines dans la pulpe, a permis de mettre en évidence certaines vitamines liposolubles telles que le β carotène (provitamine A) et la vitamine K₁. Au cours cette étude, l’activité antibactérienne des extraits aqueux (décocté et macéré) et hydro alcoolique de la pulpe des fruits D. microcarpum ont montré que seuls le décocté et l’extrait hydroalcoolique développaient une activité antibactérienne que l’on pourrait attribuer aux composés polyphénoliques (acide tannique) présents dans les extraits. L’ampicilline pris comme référence montre des diamètres d'inhibitions maximales supérieurs aux extraits de la plante. Ces résultats pris ensemble tendent à expliquer l’usage traditionnel de cette partie de la plante contre la malnutrition et certaines maladies infectieuses.

Sylvain Ouédraogo, Félix Kini, Maminata Traoré-Coulibaly, Aristide Traore, Labarabonon Benjamin Tingueri, Innocent Pierre Guissou (Burkina Faso) Etudes des Propriétés Pharmacologiques du Fruit de Tamarindus indica Linn, Utilisé comme Laxatif et Antipaludique en Médecine Traditionnelle / Pharmacological Properties of Tamarindus indica Linn. Fruit used as a Laxative and Antimalarial in Traditional Medicine (in French) (pp 31-35)

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ABSTRACT

Original Research Paper: This study highlights the spasmolytic and antiplasmodic properties of Tamarindus indica Linn fruit extracts. A preliminary phytochemical study revealed the presence of chemical groups being of unquestionable interest at the pharmacological level. The extract of T. indica fruit pulp, which had a spasmolytic effect on isolated rat intestine, acted by a mixed mechanism: neurotropic by inhibition of the muscarinic receptor, and musculotropic by inhibition of BaCl₂ activity. In addition, the antiplasmodic activity of the aqueous extract of T. indica fruit showed unquestionable inhibitory activity on Plasmodium berghei. The effective inhibitory doses at 50 and 90% (ED₅₀, ED₉₀) were: DE50 = 97,67 and DE90 = 268,08 mg/kg. This study of the therapeutic effects of T. indica fruit extracts highlights the antispasmodic and antiplasmodic activities of the aqueous extract of this drug. These properties could explain its traditional use.

RESUME

Les auteurs rapportent les résultats d’une étude qui a porté sur la mise en évidence des propriétés spasmolytiques et antiplasmodiques de Tamarindus indica Linn. L’étude phytochimique préliminaire révèle la présence de groupes chimiques présentant un intérêt certain sur le plan pharmacologique. Les résultats indiquent bien que l'extrait de la pulpe de fruit de T. indica provoque un effet spasmolytique sur l'intestin isolé de rat. L'extrait agit par un mécanisme mixte, neurotrope par inhibition des récepteurs muscariniques, et musculotropes par inhibition de l'activité du BaCl₂. Par ailleurs L’activité antiplasmodique du décocté aqueux montre bien une activité inhibitrice certaine de la pulpe du fruit de T. indica sur Plasmodium berghei. Les doses efficaces 50 et 90% (DE₅₀, DE₉₀) sont: DE₅₀ = 97,67 mg/kg; DE₉₀ = 268,08 mg/kg. Il a été conclut que cette étude du potentiel thérapeutique d'extraits de la pulpe de fruit de T. indica a aboutit ainsi à la mise en évidence d'une activité antispasmodique du macéré aqueux et de l'activité antiplasmodique du décocté aqueux de tamarin; ces propriétés pourraient expliquer son usage traditionnel.

Sylvain Nafiba Ouédraogo (Burkina Faso), Jean-François Vayssières (République du Bénin), A. Rémy Dabiré (Burkina Faso), Corinne Rouland-Lefèvre (France) Fruitiers Locaux Hôtes des Mouches des Fruits (Diptera: Tephritidae) Inféodées au Manguier dans l’Ouest du Burkina Faso: Identification et Taux d’Infestation / Wild Fruit Crops as Hosts of Mango Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Western Burkina Faso: Identification and Infestation Rates (in French) (pp 36-41)

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ABSTRACT

Original Research Paper: Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are a threat to mango production in West Africa with species covering a wide range of host plants. Those host plants are not well documented in Burkina Faso. The current study, which meant to inventory local fruit trees that host fruit flies and their associated fly species, took place in 6 riverside mango tree orchards in Western Burkina Faso from April to July 2008. Woody species in those plant formations were inventoried and their fruits were sampled every 2 weeks on trees during their fruit-bearing phase. 8 host plants belonging to seven families were identified. The average rate of damaged fruits was significantly different among tree species, with Sarcocephalus latifolius and Ficus ingens having the highest and lowest average attack rates (66.67 ± 0.23 and 5 ± 0.19%, respectively). Damage was mainly caused by Ceratitis and Bactrocera genera. Ceratitis spp.account for 98% of the identified species, C. cosyra being the most expanded. The presence of those host plants in a mango orchards agro-ecosystem has implications for the management of fly pests of economic significance.

RESUME

Les mouches des fruits constituent une menace pour la production fruitière en Afrique de l’Ouest. De plus, une nouvelle espèce invasive (Bactrocera invadens) originaire d’Asie y est apparue en 2005. Ces mouches des fruits disposent d’une gamme de plantes hôtes variée jusque là peu connue au Burkina Faso. Cette situation a motivé la conduite d’une étude pour l’identification des fruitiers locaux hôtes de ces mouches et des espèces qui leurs sont associées. L’étude a été menée dans des formations végétales riveraines de 6 vergers de «manguiers» de la zone fruitière de l’Ouest du Burkina Faso entre avril et juillet 2008. Elle a consisté à faire l’inventaire des espèces ligneuses de ces formations végétales et à des prélèvements toutes les deux semaines d’échantillons de fruits des espèces en fructification. Huit (8) espèces de plantes hôtes appartenant à 7 familles ont été identifiées. Les taux d’attaques moyens de leurs fruits varient significativement selon les espèces. Sarcocephalus latifolius et Ficus ingens présentent respectivement les taux d’attaques moyens les plus fort et plus faible de 66.67% ± 0.23 et de 5% ± 0.19. Des mouches des genres Ceratitis et Bactrocera sont impliquées dans ces attaques. Les Cératites représentent 98% des espèces identifiées, Ceratitis cosyra étant la plus répandue. Il apparaît donc nécessaire de prendre en compte les hôtes locaux dans la lutte contre ces ravageurs d’importance économique.

Jean-François Vayssières (France/Bénin), Antonio Sinzogan, Appolinaire Adandonon, David Ayegnon, Issa Ouagoussounon, Soumanou Modjibou (France) Principaux Fruitiers Locaux des Zones Guinéo-Soudaniennes du Bénin: Inventaire, Période de Production et Dégâts dus aux Mouches des Fruits / Main Wild Fruit Trees of Guineo-Sudanian Zones of Benin: Inventory, Period of Production and Losses due to Fruit Flies (in French) (pp 42-46)

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ABSTRACT

Original Research Paper: Indigenous fruit crops in the Guineo-Sudanian zones (sensu lato) in the Republic of Benin have great interest, but their potential is not fully realized. This preliminary study presents a first inventory, identified fruiting period and assessed fruit damages due to fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae) of the main fruit crop species. Fruit samplings were carried out weekly during fruit production, and fruit infestation rate due to fruit flies was assessed after fruit fly emergence in the laboratory. In the Departments of Alibori, Atacora, Borgou, Donga and Collines, around 20 fruit crop species have been recorded showing fruiting period from March to October. The main fruit crop species included Adansonia digitata L., Annona senegalensis Pers., Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don, Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte) Baill., Saba senegalensis (A. DC.) Pichon, Sarcocephalus latifolius (Smith) Bruce, Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst., Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn., Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk. Their wide production period constitutes an opportunity to be exploited by the rural population for profit. From 2005 through 2008, the average infestation rate due to Tephritidae ranged from 34 to 188 pupae/kg fruits. The pulp of most, if not all, fruits was infected by the larvae of many Ceratitis species and by the most damageable alien species, Bactrocera invadens, recently introduced in Sub-Saharan Africa. Integrated control against these fruit flies is to be promoted at production basin levels not only for cultivated but also for indigenous (wild) fruit crops. In addition, a better valorization of these fruit crops is also to be promoted through their ecologically sustainable protection and high input production.

RESUME

Les fruitiers locaux des zones Guinéo-Soudaniennes (sensu lato) du Bénin présentent un intérêt remarquable, mais ils sont généralement sous-exploités. Cette étude préliminaire a permis de réaliser un premier inventaire, d’identifier leur période de fructification et d’estimer les dégâts dus aux mouches des fruits (Diptera Tephritidae) pour les principales espèces. Les échantillonnages de fruits ont été effectués toutes les semaines durant leur période de production et leur taux d’infestation par les Tephritidae a été calculé après émergence des insectes au laboratoire. Dans les départements Alibori, Atacora, Borgou, Donga et Collines nous avons recensé une vingtaine d’espèces fruitières présentant des périodes de fructification étalées de mars à octobre. Les principales sont Adansonia digitata L., Annona senegalensis Pers., Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don, Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte) Baill., Saba senegalensis (A. DC.) Pichon, Sarcocephalus latifolius (Smith) Bruce, Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst., Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn., Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk. L’étalement de leur production constitue une opportunité à valoriser pour les populations rurales. De 2005 à 2008 leur taux d’infestation moyen par les Tephritidae a varié entre 34 et 188 pupes/kg de fruits. La pulpe de la grande majorité de ces fruits est exploitée par les larves de plusieurs espèces de cératites et par une redoutable espèce invasive arrivée il y a quelques années en Afrique Sub Saharienne, Bactrocera invadens. La lutte intégrée contre ces ravageurs est à développer au niveau des bassins de production fruitiers tant cultivés que locaux. De plus, une meilleure valorisation de ces essences est à promouvoir à travers leur protection et une intensification écologique de production.

C. A. M. Sylvestre Djagoun, Romain Glele Kakaï, Dieu-Donné Konnon, Clément Sewade, Méryas Kouton, Wilfried Bonou, Gérard Gouwakinnou, Berlamin Fandohan (Bénin) Potentiel des Ressources Végétales Forestières Alimentaires et Médicinales de la Forêt Classée de l’Ouémé Supérieur et N’Dali au Nord Bénin / Potential Food and Medicinal Use of Plant Resources of the Oueme Superieur and N’Dali Classified Forests (Northern Benin) (in French) (pp 47-54)

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ABSTRACT

Original Research Paper: In Benin, the use of food and medicinal plants provided by the forest ecosystem is both valuable and necessity for the sustainable classified forest management. This paper presents the results of ethnobotanical studies and floristic inventory in the OSN classified forest in northern Benin. Information on the names of plants, parts used and methods of preparation were collected through a semi-structural interview which was administered to traditional healers and rural dwellers of OSN surrounding villages. Finally, a floristic inventory was carried out through 277 plots of 100 × 100 m² in the different vegetation formation of OSN classified forest with 0.16% as sample rate. Information collected has revealed that plant species from OSN forest is more used for medicinal purpose than alimentary purpose. The plant roots are more harvested than bark and leaves for medicinal use. The common species use for human food is: Blighia sapida, Vitellaria paradoxa, Tamarindus indica, Parkia biglobosa, Adansonia digitata, Spondias mombin. The study shows that farmers have started to domesticate some of the ‘traditional’ plants such as: B. sapida, V. paradoxa, S. mombim, P. biglobosa. The availability of some species such as: Khaya senegalensis (0.80 trees/ha), P. biglobosa (5.71 trees/ha), T. indica (0.21 trees/ha)and S. mombin (0.02 trees/ha) determined from floristic inventory is relatively low in OSN classified forest. From those findings it is important to combine and interweave ‘modern’ and indigenous knowledge to produce a more realistic and sensitive understanding and management of natural environmental resources for sustainable development.

RESUME

Le présent travail réalisé dans la forêt classée de l’ouémé supérieur N’dali (OSN) au Nord du Bénin a permis de montrer le potentiel des forêts classées en ressources alimentaires et médicinales envue d’une meilleur prise en compte dans les plans d’aménagemnt forestier. La méthode utilisée a consisté à faire des entretiens semi-structurés avec les tradiprticiens et à enquêter les ménages dans les villages riverains de la forêt classée de l’OSN. Enfin, une évaluation de la disponibilité des espèces alimentaires a été faite en installant 277 placeaux de 100 × 100 m² dans les différentes formation végétales de la forêt soit un taux d’échantillonnage de 0.16%. Les résultats d’enquêtes montrent que les espèces de la forêt classée de l’OSN servent plus à des fins médicinales qu’alimentaire. Les racines sont plus récoltées que les écorces, suvies des feuilles pour des utilisations médicinales. Les espèces prioritaires enrégistrées pour l’alimentation sont Blighia sapida, Vitellaria paradoxa, Tamarindus indica, Parkia biglobosa, Adansonia digitata, Spondias mombin. Les espèces alimentaires localement plantées ou épargnées dans les champ autour de la forêt classée de l’OSN sont essentiellement: B. sapida, V. paradoxa, S. mombim, P. biglobosa. La disponibilité des espèces d’importance comme Khaya senegalensis (0.80 tige/ha), P. biglobosa (5.71 tiges/ha), T. indica (0.21 tige/ha)et S. mombin (0.02 tige/ha) est relativement faible dans la forêt classée de l’OSN. Les ressources forestières alimentaires ont une grande importance pour les populations rurales. Ce qui ouvre la voie à des programmes de mise en valeur de ces produits.

Joséphine Yameogo, Sibiri Jean Ouedraogo (Burkina Faso), Jules Bayala (Mali), Mamounata Belem Ouédraogo (Burkina Faso) Potentialités Médicinales et Alimentaires de Dix-sept Espèces Ligneuses Préférées dans les Parcs Agroforestiers au Sud-Ouest du Burkina Faso / Medicinal and Food Potential of Seventeen Favorite Tree Species in Agroforestry Parklands in Southwestern Burkina Faso (in French) (pp 55-61)

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Original Research Paper: In southwestern Burkina Faso, the preferred species are preserved in the fields for food and medicinal reasons. This study aimed to identify the main parkland species, the reasons of their preference and their other uses. For this purpose, literature review, group interviews have been conducted in the village of Siniena, Tiékouna, Kiribina and the city of Banfora. The interviewed persons were the agroforestry parkland farmers, old men, women and men of all ages and traditional healers. After identifying the favorite species, studies were conducted on each of them to identify food and medicinal uses, parts used, methods and periods of practices, diseases treated and precautions. The results revealed that 17 woody species were preferred and preserved in the field among which 13 are used as food and 16 in pharmacopoeia. The parts used are the branches, roots, leaves, fruits, inflorescences, and exudates. All of the parts of Borassus akeassii, Vitellaria paradoxa and Parkia biglobosa are used. Four harvesting methods have been identified and some of them reflect both physical injury and anthropogenic pressure on the parkland trees. Usually some plants have widespread uses while others are used during hunger or welding periods. The diseases treated are particularly infantile and maternal. These plants are also used to protect the family or individuals. An extension of this local knowledge would fight large-scale poverty, malnutrition and disease.

RESUME

Au sud-ouest du Burkina Faso, des espèces préférées sont épargnées dans les champs pour des raisons alimentaires et médicinales. Le présent travail a eu pour objectifs d’identifier les principales espèces de parcs; les raisons de leur préférence et les usages. A cet effet des recherches bibliographiques, des interviews de groupes ont été réalisées dans les villages de Siniéna, Tiékouna, Kiribina et dans la ville de Banfora. Les personnes interrogées étaient les exploitants des parcs agroforestiers, les personnes âgées, les femmes et les hommes de toutes catégories d’âge et les traditheurapeutes. Après avoir identifié les espèces de parcs préférées, des investigations ont été faites à l’endroit de chacune d’elle afin de recenser les usages médicinaux et alimentaires, les parties utilisées, les modes et les périodes d’usages, les maladies soignées et les précautions à observer. Il ressort de ces travaux que 17 espèces sont préférées et épargnées dans les champs parmi lesquelles 13 sont utilisées dans l’alimentation et 16 dans la pharmacopée. Les parties utilisées sont les branches, les racines, les feuilles, les fruits, les inflorescences, les exsudats. Toutes les parties de Borassus akeassii, Vitellaria paradoxa etde Parkia biglobosa sont utilisées.Quatre modes de prélèvements ont été identifiés et traduisent quelques fois des blessures physiques et les pressions anthropiques subies par les espèces de parcs. Certaines plantes ont des usages généralisés en temps normal, d'autres le sont en temps de disette ou de soudure. Les maladies soignées sont particulièrement infantiles et maternelles. Ces plantes sont utilisées aussi pour protéger la famille ou l’individu. Une vulgarisation de ces savoirs locaux permettrait de combattre à grandes échelles la pauvreté, la malnutrition et la maladie.

Clovis N. B. Koffi, Hortense A. Diallo, Justin Y. Kouadio (Côte d’Ivoire), Paula Kelly, Alan G. Buddie, Lukasz M. Tymo (United Kingdom) Occurrence of Pythium aphanidermatum Root and Collar Rot of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) in Côte d'Ivoire (pp 62-67)

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Original Research Paper: In June 2007, a new disease causing significant losses was observed in papaya orchards in Côte d’Ivoire. The disease was characterized by root rot and/or collar rot leading to complete wilt of the plant followed by its death. Although fungi such as Fusarium and Rhizoctonia were isolated from diseased plants, pathogenicity tests showed that Pythium aphanidermatum was the causal agent of the disease. Disease incidence of 68.25% was observed when P. aphanidermatum was inoculated alone in pathogenicity testing. However, on untreated soil coming from the field, an incidence of 42.85% was obtained. A representative strain (subsequently designated IMI396181) re-isolated from infected plant material (from the pathogenicity testing) was identified by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the ribosomal RNA gene cluster (GenBank Accession No. EU861392) confirmed the taxonomy of the pathogen. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. aphanidermatum infecting papaya in Côte d’Ivoire.

Hassan M. Emara, Mahmoud A. Swelim, Safwat A. Elhadad, Kamel M. Ata (Egypt) Efficiency of Some Chemical Inducers on Chemotatic Movement of Ralstonia solanacearum towards Potato Root Exudates (pp 68-72)

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Original Research Paper: Motility is an important attribute to Ralstonia solanacearum to colonized potato (Solanum tuberosum) roots in soil. Quantitative and qualitative chemotaxis assays revealed that this bacterium is specifically attracted to diverse concentration of phenolics, organic and amino acids, sugars and other nutrients induced by microbes and especially to root exudates from the host plant around its root surface. Therefore, potato may secrete some compounds considered as chemotactic signals between potato roots and the pathogen in soil. The application of effective concentrations of different soil amendments resulted in significant changes in the chemical composition of root exudates in sterilized and non-sterilized sandy soil. These changes demonstrate an important role in the induced defense mechanism of systemic acquired resistance. The chemical change in root exudates may be responsible for breaking or cutting the chemical signals between potato roots and bacterial pathogenicity. So, both the percentage of infection and disease severity decreased. In control group, the root exudates collected after 40 days from potato cultivation were higher than those collected after 20 days showing significant differences in their composition.

Dilip Nandwani (USA) Variety Trials, Sensory Evaluations and In-vitro Multiplication of Sweetpotato (Ipomea batatas) in the Western Pacific (pp 73-78)

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Original Research Paper: Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is one of the important subsistence food crops grown in the Northern Marianas. The quality and production of sweetpotato was severely affected in recent years, mainly by the introduction of major diseases and pests, paucity of quality planting material and natural disasters. Field trials of new varieties and sensory evaluations (taste testing) were successfully conducted throughout the islands of Saipan, Rota and Tinian. Seventeen varieties of tissue-cultured sweetpotato were evaluated for tolerance to insect pests and diseases, tuber quality, shape, yield, taste, texture and other superior agronomic and morphological characters. Red-purple skin varieties IB 098, IB 0701, IB 0702, IB 195 and IB 083 rated excellent for taste, texture, quality of tubers, easy cooking, plant growth and high yield. Yellow-orange and red-purple varieties with medium size tubers (9.0 cm) were preferred over the white skin and white flesh varieties. Sweetpotato weevil (Cylas formicarius elegantulus),flee beetle (Chaetocnema affinis), katydid (Phaneroptera furcifera) and grasshopper (Locusta migratoria manilensis)were the main insect pests that caused damage to the crops although rodents were also responsible to some extent. Bacterial stem and root rot (Erwinia chrysanthemi), leaf spot and stem blight (Alternaria spp.), scab (Elsinoe batatas) and anthracnose (Collectrotrichum spp.) were among the diseases observed. The introduced varieties were identified as economically and culturally important and have been tested for superior characteristics in the Pacific region. Selected varieties were propagated through tissue culture and distributed to the farmers throughout the Commonwealth. Results indicate that new varieties performed well in local soil and climatic conditions of the Northern Mariana Islands. Small collections of sweetpotato in the field at the Agriculture Research Station have been successfully maintained; however, land, labor and high production costs are limiting factors.

Akhtar Shekafandeh (Iran), M. Margarida Oliveira (Portugal) Effects of Culture Medium and Mother Plant Condition on Almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) Shoot Proliferation from Nodal Segments (pp 79-82)

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Original Research Paper: In this research, the effects of season (spring and winter), culture medium and 6-benzyladenine (BA) on almond shoot proliferation were evaluated. Nodal segments with a single bud from 4 year-old grafts of two late-flowering almond cultivars, ‘Shahrood 8’ and ‘Shahrood 10’ were used as explants. Fungal and bacterial infections were completely eliminated using an oven infusion solution of fresh olive leaves. In both cultivars, BA at 1.5 and 2 mg/l resulted in the highest proliferation rate and Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium was superior to Woody Plant Medium (WPM) and modified Quoirin and Lepoivre (MQL) medium. In ‘Shahrood 8’, the highest shoot proliferation rate (5.83 shoots/explant) occurred in winter, using 2 mg/l BA, while in spring and with the same hormonal regulation, only 4.00 shoots/explant were produced. Conversely, in ‘Shahrood 10’, an average of 5.5 shoots/explant was produced at 1.5 mg/l BA, which was significantly higher than with 2 mg/l BA, and no significant differences were found when comparing winter with spring.

Silvia Ross, Rafael Grasso (Uruguay) In Vitro Propagation of ‘Guayabo del país’ (Acca sellowiana (Berg.) Burret) (pp 83-87)

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Original Research Paper: Acca sellowiana (Berg.) Burret, known as ‘Guayabo del país’ or ‘Feijoa’ is a medium-sized tree of the Family Myrtaceae, native to southeastern Brazil and Uruguay. It can be found in regions with different climate conditions, it is somewhat resistant to frosts, it exhibits precocious productivity, high nutritional value, good postharvest life and is adequate for fresh consumption as well as for the elaboration of manufactured products. This fruit tree has an excellent agronomical and commercial potential. However, the low success achieved to date with conventional vegetative propagation of selected materials is an important limitation for its production for commercial purposes. Under these circumstances micropropagation has been considered as an alternative for the production of high quality and pathogen-free plant material. Explants tested were nodal segments obtained from mother plants selected for productivity and fruit quality. Shoots were disinfected with 2% sodium hypochlorite for 20 min, washed three times with distilled water adding citric acid (0.1 g.l^-1) to the third wash. The culture medium used for introduction was WPM (Lloyd and McCown 1981) supplemented with MS vitamins (Murashige and Skoog 1962), 3% sucrose, 0.7% agar, 0.44 µM BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) and 0.054 µM NAA (1-naphthalenacetic acid). For multiplication of cultures, semi-solid medium with different combinations of auxins and cytokinins were evaluated. The best treatments were those with 9.8 and 19.6 µM 2iP (6-γ-γ-dymethylamino purine). Average multiplication rate was 2 shoots/explant. Due to the low multiplication rate observed in semi-solid media, we evaluated the performance of liquid cultures in permanent immersion bioreactors. Medium composition was WPM, MS vitamins, 3% sucrose supplemented with 4.9 µM 2iP. Phloroglucinol was used to promote tissue lignification and to minimize hyperhydricity. Rooting percentage obtained was 40% (both in vitro and ex vitro).

Mahmoud M. Shaaban, Mohamed M. Hussein, Abdel Karim M. El-Saady (Egypt) Growth of Sugar Beet as Affected by Diluted Sea Irrigation Water and Possible Enhancement of Salinity Stress Tolerance with KMP Foliar Fertilization (pp 88-92)

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Original Research Paper: A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with three commercial sugar beet varieties ‘Marathon’, ‘Armure’ and ‘Francesco’ to study the effect of diluted Red Sea water as irrigation water on the growth parameters and dry weight (DW) accumulation, and whether KMP foliar fertilization would increase plant tolerance to salinity stress. There were slight variations in growth parameters between the three varieties at either low or high salinity stress. Significant differences were observed in the root diameter and top and root fresh weight (FW) and top DW. Irrigation with saline water negatively affected all growth parameters (top length, number of leaves/plant, root length and diameter, FW and DW). As the salinity of irrigation water increased so growth parameters decreased. KMP foliar fertilization increased the K concentration in the leaves of treated plants and significantly increased root diameter and the FW and DW of roots and shoots.

Samia Ben Mansour-Gueddes, Neji Tarchoun (Tunisia), Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva (Japan), Saâd Saguem (Tunisia) Agronomic and Chemical Evaluation of Seven Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Populations Grown in an Open Field (pp 93-97)

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Original Research Paper: The morphology, marketable yield, main flowering and fruiting parameters, and the capsaicinoid content in different parts of mature green and red fruits of seven local hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) populations has been studied. Morphological characters and productivity values were estimated by agronomic analysis. Capsaicinoid content was determined by HPLC. Plants from these populations showed uniform development and uniform height ranging from 53-58 cm. Based on the ability to flower and on fruit setting, local pepper populations could be divided into two homogenous groups having an average of 120-160 flowers/plant. Cultivars ‘Chaabani’ and ‘Baklouti Kairouan’ produced an important marketable yield (863 and 752 g/plant, respectively). Total capsaicinoid content varied according to the population, and within the same population according to the stage of maturity and different parts of the fruit. Capsaicinoid content was higher in green pepper fruits than in red ones, higher in the placental part than in other parts, but lowest in seeds as well as in green and red fruit. ‘Piment Sesseb’, ‘M’sarreh’ and ‘Rouge Long’ populations had the highest total capsaicinoid contents in green and red pepper fruit and are recommended for pepper fruit production in season crops destined for the fresh market and as a spice (pepper powder).

Kolawole O. Ajanaku, Kehinde O. Ogunniran, Olayinka O. Ajani, Oladele O. James, Obinna C. Nwinyi (Nigeria) Improvement of Nutritive Value of Sorghum-Ogi Fortified with Pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) (pp 98-101)

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Original Research Paper: The utilization of pawpaw fruit as a constituent of sorghum-ogi was investigated by preparing mixtures of ogi with increasing level of pawpaw in 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% addition. The product, sorghum pawpaw-ogi was evaluated for proximate composition, titratable acidity, sugars and vitamins C. A taste panel evaluation was conducted to evaluate the acceptability of the products. The data obtained indicated an increase in protein ash and fat content while there was variation in the carbohydrate content. Vitamins C and sugar content were also found to increase in proportion with the increase in blending. There were no apparent effect of pawpaw addition on pH and titratable acidity in the mixtures. The taste panel evaluation and the amylograph pasting characteristics of the pawpaw-ogi blends concluded that blends with 40% pawpaw addition and beyond were acceptable in improving the nutritive value of ogi.